by Admire Phiri
For a long period of time.
For a very long period of time, i.e., after they were resettled from Hwange national part.
Since they came into contact
After successfully conquering the western region, the Ndebele kingdom established a society comprising three classes of people: the Zansi, Enhla and Hole (cf. Cobbing 1976, 2003, Beach 1994, Msindo 2002, Mazarire 2003). The San were part of the Hole, who formed the lowest class of society. They were not necessarily subject of the Ndebele state, but they either paid tribute or were expected to show some loyalty to the Ndebele king. The Ndebele men also married the Tjwao/San women.
For a long period of time.
For a long period of time.
When the white settlers settled in Zimbabwe they employed both Ndebele and Tjwao people in the farms, mines etc.
The Ndebele and Tjwao people have been in contact since the 1830s when King Mzilikazi and his people arrived in the western parts of Zimbabwe. The Ndebele people arrived in the western parts of Zimbabwe in 1939.
Although the Tjwa were previously in contact with the Ndebele and Kalanga people, they never lived side by side with them as the former lived a nomadic way of life. When the British settlers arrived in the 1890s significant adjustments in Land Tenure and Administration happened between 1890 and 1896 (cf. Fleming 1974: 59). The British South Africa Company administrators of the future Rhodesia colony passed the Order in Council to create “native reserves”, with Gwaai and Shangani piloting the project. The colonial government continued to take land from the indigenous communities through various land and labour legislation. In 1898, the Department of Native Affairs was formed: it consisted of native commissioners whose duty was to control the indigenous people in everything they did. The native commissioners’ primary responsibility was to administer the Land Apportionment Act of 1931 and the Land Husbandry Act of 1951implementation. The Land Apportionment Act (cf. Land Apportionment Act, No. 30, 1930) divided the land into European and African reserves and forcibly removed the San people from the forest to which they were spiritually attached. The reserves assigned to the indigenous people were largely barren and marginal lands (cf. Wilson 1923: 88-89). According to Meredith (2002: 113), a decade after the arrival of the white colonists, approximately 16 million hectares had been taken by the colonial government from the indigenous people. The Tjwa people were part of the indigenous people who were relocated to the reserves far away from the forest, depriving them of their foraging grounds and subsistence strategies. Hunting wildlife became illegal over the next few years and the colonial administrators established rules which forbade snaring, mass-driving, and the digging of game pits. Incidentally, those were the methods most in use among the Tjwa people when hunting. For the colonial government, hunting was not a means of subsistence but a “fair chase” exercise, more of a personal taste and not so much a pursuit of food, certainly not a way of life (Haynes 2014: 110). The resettlement of the Africans from areas designated as ‘game reserves’ was implemented across the nation. The colonial government argued that human beings and wildlife could not live together. Barriers such as fences were used to protect wildlife from the indigenous people. When Wankie was declared a game reserve in 1928, the Tjwa people were not immediately evicted to the reserves. The resettlement of the indigenous people was formalised in the Land Apportionment Act of 1930. The game reserve was later upgraded to the status of the national parks in 1949.
The Ndebele and Tjwao have been trading for a very long period of time i.e., since their first contact. They will trade with game meat, animal skins, wild fruits, etc.
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