How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people been in contact overall?

Although social contact dates back to the conquest of America, it acquired greater intensity and relevance from the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century, with the military conquest of the Gran Chaco region, evangelization, state education, and migration to large cities. Contact is ongoing today.

What is the overall time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction?

Since the end of the nineteenth century to the present day, along with the process of sedentarization and confinement of the Toba in reservations and public lands.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people practised exchange for?

Since the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX. Contact is presently ongoing.

At the end of the XIX century a process of sedentarization and confinement of the Toba people began in reservations in state-run lands. During the XX century there was migration towards urban areas in the provinces of Chaco, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires (Braunstein 2005).

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in exchange?

From 1940/50 to the present

Beginning with the sedentarization and migration to urban areas.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group peoples been forming families with each other for?

Since the migration and contact in the big urban centres, circa the XXth century.

What’s the time frame of densest contact between Focus Group and Neighbour Group as far as family formation is concerned?

From the beginning of migrations towards urban areas, around the decades of 1950 and 1960, up to the present.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people been involved in the knowledge domain together for?

Approximately since the first three decades of the twentieth century. Education began in the first half of 20th century, in the context of military campaigns and territorial control of indigenous lands by the National State (Artiega et al 2015). Religion: The beginning of the evangelical missions can be traced back to the 1930's (Messineo 2020) Contact is presently ongoing in the domain of knowledge.

See Artiega et al. 2015 for education in Chaco (Educación para la infancia indígena en la reducción Napalpí (Chaco, Argentina, 1911-1936)). See Messineo 2020 for a chronology of evangelical missions in the Chaco region (Messineo, Cristina. 2020. “Lingüistas intuitivos. La labor de los misioneros menonitas entre los toba/qom del Chaco argentino’. 11° Congreso Internacional de Lingüística Misionera, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina)

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the knowledge domain?

Since the early 90's, after the 1994 Constitutional Reform which acknowledged the preexistence of indigenous peoples and guaranteed indigenous peoples to be educated in their own language, by means of Bilingual Intercultural Education.

How long have Focus Group people and Neighbour Group people worked together for?

Contact has been happening since the late 19th century and is presently ongoing.

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the labour domain?

From 1950 to the present, when the largest number of Toba people migrated to big cities.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people been in contact in the local community?

Although the first contact with the Spanish dates back to around the XVIIth century, contact in the local communities took place at the beginning of the XXth century with the establishment of "reducciones". Contact is ongoing today.

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the local community?

The time frame with the most opportunities for interaction began with the Conquest of the Gran Chaco and strengthened at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, when "reductions" were formed by the Argentine state (like the Napalpí reduction), with the intention of "civilizing the Indians" and extend the borders to the North. In that way, they gradually took hold of their territories. As for urban communities, most opportunities of interaction have taken place since the 50's due to migrations. Contact is ongoing today.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people traded for?

Since the late 19th century. Our sources indicate that there has been trade since the arrival of the Spaniards in the Gran Chaco. Contact is ongoing today.

Given that it was impossible for them to continue with their traditional livelihood practices, the indigenous had to develop commercial agriculture and seasonal waged work. (Gordillo 2006)

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in trade?

From 1920 to the present.

Most opportunities for interaction in trade were intesified in the following times: 1920: second expansion of the sugar industry and boom of the cotton industry in the east of Chaco (Gordillo 2006). 1950/60: migrations to peripheral urban zones, first within the Chaco region and later in Buenos Aires, La Plata and Rosario. Since 1990 to the present: sale of handcrafts (baskets, pottery, fabrics, bows and arrows, necklaces) in different commercialization contexts.