by Eri Kashima & Dineke Schokkin
As per other domains
As per other domains
The Williams ethnography has data from 1920, and six generations will have been claimed from then. So if we say each generation is about 20 years, then contact has been ongoing since at least 1800. But I imagine contact has been ongoing for much longer than that.
There is no evidence that the domain of social exchange and marriage as a domain of contact has been disrupted in the present or past. So the same as above.
Generations. See response to other domains.
see above
As long as they have been forming families
As per my other answers
As per other domains, multiple generations.
Since villages were officially formed under the colonial administration in the mid 1960s. The Williams ethnography already mentions villages in the 1910-20s, so at least for the last 100 years people have been living in villages. Perhaps the population increase in the 20th century has also contributed to larger village units becoming a more typical form of local community. Today, people still spend a lot of time in their garden places, and we believe this may have been the more common form of local community prior to the village system (see Kashima 2020: 37-39). Garden places can consist of a couple of nuclear families (see answers in DLB)
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