by Jill Vaughan
For at least several hundred years. This time period stretches back prior to the colonial era (1788 onwards) but continues to the present day
1600-1800. In the pre-colonial era contact would have been densest between many Burarra and YM people, however it's possible that a greater number of Burarra and YM people have the opportunity for some kind of interaction in the contemporary era due to concentration of populations at urban centres
For many hundreds of years, certainly stretching back a significant period of time prior to colonisation in the late 18th century.
1600-1800. The start date here is fairly arbitrary, it just delineates a usefully large chunk of time. The end date captures the arrival of British colonists in 1788 (colonial incursions into Arnhem Land were much later than their arrival in Australia).
For many hundreds of years, likely stretching back a significant period of time prior to colonisation in the late 18th century.
1600-1800. Again this time frame is slightly arbitrary just identifying a usefully large span of time before colonisaton. It's difficult t say whether family formation–type contact would have been denser then than in contemporary times, but for some subsection it certainly would have been (as those groups now encounter other groups besides the Yolngu more often and clan pairings wrt marriage patterns have likely weakened to an extent.
Labour involving both groups goes back at least several hundred years and possibly many more, but the form of labour has dramatically changed in the post-colonial era with much labour now taking place in the public sphere as part of a wider market.
Subsistence labour is included here. In some specific regions this kind of work would have been a site of contact I believe. Labour harvesting trepang with the Makassans is from the mid-18th C.
Arguably, the contemporary era has provided the most opportunities for interaction in the labour domain. Shared labour is likely to have characterised pre-colonial group dynamics (e.g. the production of material culture, subsistence labour), and to some extent these practices still continue alongside newer forms of labour made possible in larger urban communities – in this case at Maningrida particularly where many Burarra and YM people live and work every day.
As with the other domains, we can assume that there's been contact for at least several hundred years and probably much longer
1600-1800. For certain subsections of the Burarra and Yolngu at least, this is likely to have been pre-colonially so again – the start date here is fairly arbitrary, it just delineates a usefully large chunk of time. The end date captures the arrival of British colonists in 1788 (colonial incursions into Arnhem Land were much later than their arrival in Australia). It's true though that post-colonially probably more Burarra people are involved in contact with Yolngu people (in Maningrida), but the contact is less direct I would say than in pre-colonial small multilingual communities.
At least several hundred years. Again – contact between the groups is spoken about as if it has always been the case. It would appear that it has been happening for hundreds of years before the colonial era in any case and possibly very much longer.
1600-1800. To capture pre-colonial trade have chosen a large stretch of time leading up to the colonial era
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