Contact Set South Saami - NorwegianSwedish

by Richard Kowalik

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people been in contact overall?

Presumably since the year 200 CE. Many sources (archaelogical, cultural, linguistic) point towards a period of intense contact during the Middle ages (see e.g. Kusmenko 2010; Zachrisson 2012).

What is the overall time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction?

That is difficult to assess, since (exact) total numbers of Saami are not known, neither historically nor for today. Possibly, the Middle Ages can be identified as an important time frame. Today, there is a lot of contact as well, but the notion of a "Saami" group as opposed to a "Norwegian/Swedish" seems less meaningful in many of the contact domains investigated in the questionnaire.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people practised exchange for?

At least since the year 1000, that is, for more than 1000 years.

Exchange/intermarriage has probably been less normal after the stigmatization of the Saami after the Christianization of the Scandinavian countries (cf. Kusmenko 2010) ; however, I have no direct sources to refer to here.

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in exchange?

Probably modern /contemporary times: South Saami people and Swedish/Norwegian people interact on a daily basis. However, not all South Saami people are speakers of South Saami (only a small part of the population).

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group peoples been forming families with each other for?

Presumably since the middle ages - the Norwegian king Harald Hårfagre had a Saami wife.

What’s the time frame of densest contact between Focus Group and Neighbour Group as far as family formation is concerned?

Probably modern/contemporary times.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people been involved in the knowledge domain together for?

Christianization of the Saami from around 1650 onwards

There was considerable exchange during the Viking age/Early middle ages (e.g. archery, skiing, boat building (!), witch craft)

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the knowledge domain?

1650 and onwards

How long have Focus Group people and Neighbour Group people worked together for?

There is proof for contact in this domain from the middle ages. In modern times, South Saami and Norwegian/Swedish share workplaces as is usual between Norwegians/Swedes in the Norwegian/Swedish societies.

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the labour domain?

Probably modern times.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people been in contact in the local community?

Presumably since at least the year 200 CE (cf. Piha 2021). Indirect sources (Snorre Sturluson's Konungasögur and other Norse sagas) as well as archaeological findings (South Saami items in Scandinavian sites and vice versa) point to regular contact between the South Saami of that time and the Scandinavian people of that time. These two groups must have had some knowledge of each other's languages, even if there is only indirect evidence. One period of dense contact is the pre-Christianization time (pre-1200). Another period of dense contact started during the 20th century, in which the national states Sweden and Norway started their "assimilation politics" and suppressed the use of the South Saami language.

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the local community?

From the Middle Ages and onwards until present day.

This is difficult to assess, since we know little about the total numbers of people that interacted in the Middle Ages compared to the total number of people in the 20th century.

How long have Focus Group and Neighbour Group people traded for?

Presumably since the early Middle Ages (cf. e.g. Zachrisson 2012).

What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in trade?

The Middle Ages (pre-Christianization, cf. Kusmenko 2010).

It is difficult to classify the current exchange between South Saami and Norwegian/Swedish in the national states Sweden and Norway, in one of which all South Saami are a citizen, as "trade".

Domain Question Value Comment