| Nuxalk - North Wakashan |
From late 18th century until present
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| Burmese - Mon |
last 600-800 years.
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| Papapana - Rotokas |
IF exchange has occurred, the timeframe when the largest number of people would have had the most opportunities for interaction would have been late-19th century to early 20th century. Bougainville was colonised before this, in 1884, but plantations weren't established there until 1908. Before the arrival of Europeans, Papapana speakers mostly only had contact with neighbouring Rotokas speakers.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
From the 16th to the 19th century.
The densest period of time for contact between Malta and Sicily was from 1050 to around 1550, because political, social and economic ties were practically exclusive. From 1550 onwards such contacts with Italy increased, and ties with the UK began in 1800 but became strong from about 1850 and are strongest today. However, statistics and testimonies for the Sicilian period are scarce, with the result that most of my responses to the questionnaire concern the present time period (roughly the last decades) when contact with Sicily is still ongoing, albeit in a much wider international framework. As regards language, contact with Sicilian died out with the coming of the Knights of St John who introduced Italian, both as an official and a spoken language for the educated classes. Moreover, today the Sicilian dialect is never spoken with foreigners by the Sicilians themselves.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
1300–1800.
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| Kwoma - Manambu |
During the last one hundred years following the establishment in the 1920s of a government patrol post at Ambunti, located midway between these two language groups, and the suppression of open warfare between them, which made travel between these two language groups safer and more common. See the answers to questionnaire 1. [DTR]
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| Korandje - North African Arabic |
Since the 1980s or so, when the road was built
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| Zaza - Turkish |
Difficult to say.
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| Ipili - Hewa |
Pre World War Two.
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| Yuhup - Macuna |
1980-2020
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| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
Around 1980.
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| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
1600-1800
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| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
The past 500 years.The language of communication changed from Kanuri to Hausa in the last 50 years. E.g. Schuh (2003) stated that in the late 60ies still many Bade spoke Kanuri as a second language (both men and women). 40-50 years later when I worked in this region, my impression was that only very few Bade have a command of Kanuri.
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| Toba - Spanish |
From 1940/50 to the present
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| Western Toba - Wichí |
We speculate in previous historical times before 19th Century and the arrival of Criollo settlers. Nevertheless, there are no historical records for the period before 19th Century.
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| Nen - Idi |
There is no evidence that the domain of social exchange and marriage as a domain of contact has been disrupted in the present or past. So the same as above.
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| Burarra - Yolngu Matha |
1600-1800. The start date here is fairly arbitrary, it just delineates a usefully large chunk of time. The end date captures the arrival of British colonists in 1788 (colonial incursions into Arnhem Land were much later than their arrival in Australia).
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| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
Probably modern /contemporary times: South Saami people and Swedish/Norwegian people interact on a daily basis. However, not all South Saami people are speakers of South Saami (only a small part of the population).
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