| Burmese - Mon |
since the 10th century.
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| Papapana - Rotokas |
Since no earlier than the mid/late-19th century, when Papapana speakers settled in their contemporary location
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| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
Contact in Sicilian or Sicilianate Italian: 1200 to 1800 circa.
Since 1800 contact has been through Italian.
The densest period of time for contact between Malta and Sicily was from 1050 to around 1550, because political, social and economic ties were practically exclusive. From 1550 onwards such contacts with Italy increased, and ties with the UK began in 1800 but became strong from about 1850 and are strongest today. However, statistics and testimonies for the Sicilian period are scarce, with the result that most of my responses to the questionnaire concern the present time period (roughly the last decades) when contact with Sicily is still ongoing, albeit in a much wider international framework. As regards language, contact with Sicilian died out with the coming of the Knights of St John who introduced Italian, both as an official and a spoken language for the educated classes. Moreover, today the Sicilian dialect is never spoken with foreigners by the Sicilians themselves.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
Since approx. 1300 and still ongoing. Since approx. 1800 contact has been through Italian, not Sicilian. However, contact between the two peoples still continues to some degree.
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| Ndebele - Tjwao |
For a long period of time.
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| Korandje - North African Arabic |
Probably about 800 years
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| FLNA-NLNA |
Between one and two centuries in the religious domain for Focus muslims (with Macro-Neighbour being the main vehicle of Islam).
One century approximately for formal education, which appeared in the Focus area in the 1920s with the establishment of the first (christian) mission schools, that resorted mainly to Macro-Neighbour as the medium of instruction.
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| Zaza - Turkish |
Actually difficult to say, but probably since the immigration of the Turkic-speaking tribes in Anatolia. There is a theory, that that the appearance of Zazas in the areas where they live today seems to have been connected with waves of migration of Zazas from the highlands of Gīlān province in Iran (Deylam) during the 10th-12th centuries, as mentioned by Asatrian (1995). However, there is no extra-linguistic data on a possible migration of the Zazakî speakers. Whether and when they migrated from where or not is very hypothetical, which a) is based on morphosyntactic correlations between Zazakî and some languages of the Caspian Sea and b) erroneously goes back to the fact that the tribal names Dimilî and Daylam are the same (a basically refuted fallacy, which dates from the beginning of the 20th century). If the Zaza or language originated in the Daylam region, the split is likely at least a millennium ago, if not older.
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| Marind - Marori |
500-1000 years
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| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
Approximately since 1950.
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| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
For at least the last few hundred years and probably over a thousand years.
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| Alorese - Adang |
The Alorese and the Adang are in contact since the Alorese settled on the coast of the Alor peninsula (also known as Alor Bird’s Head), the Adang inhabited that area previous to the arrival of the Alorese.. Wellfelt (2016:273) reports that, in 1971, the lineage of the Alorese royal house in the village of Alor Besar counted seventeen generations. If we allow for generations of 25 years (17 x 25 = 425 years), the establishment of the Alorese village Alor Besar must have taken place about 425 years before 1971, roughly in 1550.
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| Santali - Bengali |
Last sixty/seventy years.
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| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
The Kanem-Borno empire exercised power in the area fanning to the east, north, and west of Lake Chad from around the 9th century well into the 19th century. Kanuri accepted Islam in the 11th century and were the primary purveyors of Islam in the eastern part of West Africa until the 19th century. The period of greatest power was from the 16th to the 18th centuries, when the empire and its influences extended from Darfur in the east to the oases of Bilma and the Air in the north to Kebbi in the west. The empire reached its high point under the great Mai Idris Alooma, who reigned from 1580-1617.
Kanuri brought Islam to Kanem-Borno, and with Islam also a legal system.
Related to Islamicization is a complex hierarchical political system, an organized system of trade, and warfare.
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| Muak Sa-aak - Tau Lü |
The oldest Muak Sa-aak who went to school (with Tai Lue children) are now in their mid-late 30's.
As to the church situation, it was not always under a Tai Lue denominational group; I'm not sure when the change happened. There is some contact here further back than 30 years.
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| Sibe - Uighur |
ca. 100 years
1910s – present
The contact in Domain Knowlegde is still ongoing though losing its linguistic relevance after 2017 due to the compulsory use of Chinese in schools, even outside classes.
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| Toba - Spanish |
Approximately since the first three decades of the twentieth century.
Education began in the first half of 20th century, in the context of military campaigns and territorial control of indigenous lands by the National State (Artiega et al 2015).
Religion: The beginning of the evangelical missions can be traced back to the 1930's (Messineo 2020)
Contact is presently ongoing in the domain of knowledge.
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| Western Toba - Wichí |
Recently, during the 20th Century, in the context of meetings of the Anglican Church.
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| Paluai - Tok Pisin |
Since the time missionaries and church leaders (e.g. clergymen in the Catholic church) from elsewhere in PNG or overseas have been interacting with the Paluai speech community, so most likely since the early 20th century.
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| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
Christianization of the Saami from around 1650 onwards
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| Yurok - Karuk |
The duration of the shared ritual knowledge domain is unkown, but significantly predates documentation by European-Americans.
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| Wutun - Bonan |
[From the early Ming Dynasty Sinitic and Mongolic speakers came to the area.]
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