| Burmese - Mon |
Karen, Thai
|
| Kambaata - Wolaytta |
Amharic
|
| Langi - Alagwa |
Swahili is dominant for anything that is paid labour.
|
| Papapana - Rotokas |
Tok Pisin
|
| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
Mostly English
|
| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
French, Catalan, Provençal, Genoese, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian (areal varieties, later Tuscan), also Greek, Arabic.
|
| Ndebele - Tjwao |
Kalanga
|
| Kwoma - Manambu |
None.
|
| Korandje - North African Arabic |
Standard Arabic (teachers, religious officials, any job involving literacy)
French (especially in white-collar jobs)
English (rare; employees of Sonatrach, English teachers)
Spanish (almost absent; Cuban doctors, EU-funded refugee programs in Tindouf)
|
| FLNA-NLNA |
Neighbour is the main language spoken alongside Focus in the labour domain. For some Focus communities living in mixed villages (for example at the border with the N community), other Family F languages must also have been used (especially N and O).
|
| Zaza - Turkish |
Kurmanji, maybe also Armenian
|
| Yuhup - Macuna |
The Yuhup also have contact with the Tanimuka, but they communicate with them in Macuna.
|
| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
None.
|
| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
Varieties of Bininj Kunwok, Maningrida family languages, other Iwaidjan family languages
|
| Santali - Bengali |
Sadri, Mundari, Kurukh, Bhumij and Koda.
|
| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
Hausa, and to some extent English
|
| Muak Sa-aak - Tau Lü |
Chinese, maybe Akha
|
| Sibe - Uighur |
Kazakh, Chinese, Mongolian
|
| Toba - Spanish |
Guarani
Mocoví
Wichí
Pilagá
|
| Western Toba - Wichí |
Ava-guaraní, Chorote, Nivaclé, Tapiete, Pilagá, Quechua, Aymara, and Spanish.
|
| Paluai - Tok Pisin |
potentially English.
|
| Nen - Idi |
Any of the other vernacular languages in the area. From a Nen perspective: Nmbo, Nambo, Neme, Täme, perhaps Nama, perhaps even Suki or Agob.
|
| Burarra - Yolngu Matha |
English, Kriol, Bininj Kunwok varieties (Kune, Kuninjku) and Ndjébbana especially, but also some amount of Gurr-goni, Na-kara and Rembarrnga also possible.
|
| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
B
|
| Kupwar Marathi - Kupwar Kannada |
The contact situation in Kupwar traditionally involved four languages: (non standard varieties of) Marathi, Kannada, Hindi-Urdu and Telugu. Speakers of Telugu are not found in the town today. Hindi-Urdu is the home langauge of the Muslims who also worked as farm hands for the Kannada-speaking Jains. The local Hindi-Urdu variety does not seem to have had a deep impact on the Focus Group language.
|
| Aleut - Eyak |
Probably Dena'ina, again through slavery. Possibly slaves from other linguistic regions along the Pacific Coast, e.g. Haida and Tsimshian, but there would have been fewer, because of the distances involved.
|
| Wutun - Bonan |
Amdo Tibetan ( a local lingua franca in the region both historically and today)
|