| Burmese - Mon |
since about the 14th century
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| Kambaata - Wolaytta |
since they settled beside each other
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| Langi - Alagwa |
For approximately the last 100 years with increasing contact in the present-day.
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| Papapana - Rotokas |
Contact would have started no earlier than 1860 when Papapana ancestors were part of a migration from the south. Sustained contact in the local community would have started after 1894 when Papapana speakers finally settled in their contemporary location. Papapana and Rotokas speakers are still in contact in the local community today.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
Since prehistory, but documented mostly from 1300 to the present, with highs in the period 1400 - 1800.
The densest period of time for contact between Malta and Sicily was from 1050 to around 1550, because political, social and economic ties were practically exclusive. From 1550 onwards such contacts with Italy increased, and ties with the UK began in 1800 but became strong from about 1850 and are strongest today. However, statistics and testimonies for the Sicilian period are scarce, with the result that most of my responses to the questionnaire concern the present time period (roughly the last decades) when contact with Sicily is still ongoing, albeit in a much wider international framework. As regards language, contact with Sicilian died out with the coming of the Knights of St John who introduced Italian, both as an official and a spoken language for the educated classes. Moreover, today the Sicilian dialect is never spoken with foreigners by the Sicilians themselves.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
Since approx. 1300 and still ongoing today.
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| Ndebele - Tjwao |
The Ndebele and Tjwao people have been in contact since the 1830s when King Mzilikazi and his people arrived in the western parts of Zimbabwe. The Ndebele people arrived in the western parts of Zimbabwe in 1939.
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| Kwoma - Manambu |
Two centuries
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| Korandje - North African Arabic |
Through individual immigrants: probably ~800 years
Through larger-scale settlement: about 100 years (since the French fort was built, and a largely Arabic-speaking village grew up around it)
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| FLNA-NLNA |
Since the 1950s. Intense contact since the 1980s.
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| Zaza - Turkish |
See KN 2 [QID: DKN0a]
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| Ipili - Hewa |
At least several hundred years. Ipili origin myths always feature contact with Hewa.
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| Marind - Marori |
since pre-colonial times - probably hundreds of years (same response as for trade etc)
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| Chipaya - Central Aymara |
Up to a 1000 years
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| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
About 50 years.
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| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
For at least the last few hundred years, more likely a thousand years.
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| Alorese - Adang |
Since the very beginning when the Alorese settled on the Alor coast approximately in the 16th century.
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| Santali - Bengali |
Last sixty/seventy years.
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| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
approx. 1000 years
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| Muak Sa-aak - Tau Lü |
At least 100 years. I don’t imply that there was definitely not contact before then, because I think it is likely to be older.
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| Sibe - Uighur |
1764 -present
The Sibe and the Uighur have still been in contact in the local community. The linguistic relevance of the contact has been lower since 2000 due to the growing influence of Chinese and a media of communication.
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| Toba - Spanish |
Although the first contact with the Spanish dates back to around the XVIIth century, contact in the local communities took place at the beginning of the XXth century with the establishment of "reducciones". Contact is ongoing today.
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| Western Toba - Wichí |
We estimate that Western Toba and Wichí people have been in contact in the local community for as long as they know one another. Nevertheless, our data starts in the mid 19th Century.
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| Paluai - Tok Pisin |
Since about 50 years.
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| Nen - Idi |
As per other domains, multiple generations.
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| Burarra - Yolngu Matha |
As with the other domains, we can assume that there's been contact for at least several hundred years and probably much longer
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| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
Presumably since at least the year 200 CE (cf. Piha 2021). Indirect sources (Snorre Sturluson's Konungasögur and other Norse sagas) as well as archaeological findings (South Saami items in Scandinavian sites and vice versa) point to regular contact between the South Saami of that time and the Scandinavian people of that time. These two groups must have had some knowledge of each other's languages, even if there is only indirect evidence. One period of dense contact is the pre-Christianization time (pre-1200). Another period of dense contact started during the 20th century, in which the national states Sweden and Norway started their "assimilation politics" and suppressed the use of the South Saami language.
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| Kupwar Marathi - Kupwar Kannada |
For almost six hundred years.
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| Yurok - Karuk |
The duration of contact is unclear, but certainly predates the documented era.
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| Aleut - Eyak |
Archaeological evidence for the interaction of different Kachemak groups (Riverine, which may have moved to what was the Eyak homeland ca. 1500-1200 BP, cf. Davis 1996, and main Kachemak, which was associated with Kodiak and which may have been Aleut, cf. Maschner 2016, Dumond 2001, Berge forthcoming). Thus there was presumed extended contact between around 3000-1500 BP; and lesser and more indirect contact via slavery and long-distance trade after this time
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