| Nuxalk - North Wakashan |
There is ongoing contact with Southern Carrier and Chilcotin groups to the east, and with Tsimshianic to the north and northeast of Bella Coola.
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| Burmese - Mon |
Karen
Indian (Bangla, Hindi, Tamil, etc.)
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| Kambaata - Wolaytta |
Amharic
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| Langi - Alagwa |
Swahili
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| Papapana - Rotokas |
Tok Pisin [and Rotokas historically].
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| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
Obviously Maltese and Sicilian are not used in trade or other interaction, except, perhaps, by fishermen at sea.
Italian has been used for centuries, but nowadays Sicilians try to communicate with the Maltese increasingly in English.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
French, Catalan, Provençal, Genoese, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian (areal varieties, later Tuscan), possibly also Greek.
Other Romance languages via presence of foreign merchants and traders in the urban, harbour areas (Brincat 2021: 70, 73–75, 149–151, 220; Borg 2012: 1037).
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| Ndebele - Tjwao |
Kalanga
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| Kwoma - Manambu |
An indigenous trade pidgin - see Bowden's Dictionary of Kwoma (1997) pp. 337-339.
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| Korandje - North African Arabic |
French (in writing - bills and receipts and so forth - if not in speech)
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| FLNA-NLNA |
Neighbour is the main trading language in the Country A and in the area.
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| Bainounk Gubeeher - Mandinka |
Cultural and linguistic contact between Bainounk and Mandinka groups is probbaly as old as the arrival of Mandinka in the Casamance, i.e. at least 5 or 6 centuries. It is a different question how current definitions of ethnicity correspond to historical definitons of ethnicity
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| Zaza - Turkish |
Kurmanji, Armenian (in Dersim)
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| Ipili - Hewa |
Enga, Nete, and Tok Pisin, but the latter only for contemporary trade
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| Yuhup - Macuna |
Spanish
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| Marind - Marori |
Papuan Malay
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| Chipaya - Central Aymara |
Spanish
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| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
None.
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| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
Varieties of Bininj Kunwok, Maningrida family languages, other Iwaidjan family languages and Macassan pidgin.
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| Alorese - Adang |
Malay
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| Santali - Bengali |
Hindi and Rajasthani
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| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
Hausa
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| Muak Sa-aak - Tau Lü |
Chinese, with Chinese speakers.
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| Sibe - Uighur |
Chinese, Mongolian, Russian
|
| Toba - Spanish |
Tipically, Guaraní
Possibly, other Chacoan languages as Pilagá, Mocoví, and Wichí.
In Buenos Aires, maybe Quechua.
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| Western Toba - Wichí |
Tapiete, Pilagá, Nivaclé, Chorote.
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| Paluai - Tok Pisin |
Potentially English; potentially neighbouring languages of Manus Province, but only to a very limited extent
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| Burarra - Yolngu Matha |
I would guess that trade would have involved most major languages in the local space, i.e.:
Ndjébbana
Gurr-goni
Na-kara
Kune
Kuninjku
Rembarrnga
Dalabon
Mawng
Kunbarlang
But also Makassar as trade occured in this timeframe with Macassans fishermen from southern Sulawesi who travelled yearly to the northern coast of Australia to harvest trepang/sea cucumbers. For the Indigenous people of Arnhem Land and the Kimberley, the Macassans were among the first foreigners they had ever come across, provoking a great deal of interest in the various material cultures they subsequently introduced. These items include canoes, sails, hooks, fishing lines, beads and metals, to name just a few. Besides introducing various items of material culture, the Macassans employed Indigenous people to help gather and process the trepang catch (Clark & May 2013).
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| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
B
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| Kupwar Marathi - Kupwar Kannada |
No significant use of any other language.
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| Yurok - Karuk |
Hupa
Wiyot
Tolowa
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| Aleut - Eyak |
Unknown; but other groups that were involved in trade included the Dena'ina and Tlingit, possibly also the Haida and Tsimshian. Later, the trade networks also included the Alutiiq (post 800 BP). There was known trading between Kodiak Island and the area around Lake Iliamna prior to the arrival of the Alutiiq, hence between the Aleut and probably the Dena'ina
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