| Burmese - Mon |
probably since the 10th century, perhaps even earlier
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| Kambaata - Wolaytta |
Probably since they live beside each other
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| Langi - Alagwa |
The last 100 years.
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| Papapana - Rotokas |
Since no earlier than the mid/late-19th century, when Papapana speakers settled in their contemporary location
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| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
Since prehistory, but interaction with the presently used languages started around the year 1200 AD.
The densest period of time for contact between Malta and Sicily was from 1050 to around 1550, because political, social and economic ties were practically exclusive. From 1550 onwards such contacts with Italy increased, and ties with the UK began in 1800 but became strong from about 1850 and are strongest today. However, statistics and testimonies for the Sicilian period are scarce, with the result that most of my responses to the questionnaire concern the present time period (roughly the last decades) when contact with Sicily is still ongoing, albeit in a much wider international framework. As regards language, contact with Sicilian died out with the coming of the Knights of St John who introduced Italian, both as an official and a spoken language for the educated classes. Moreover, today the Sicilian dialect is never spoken with foreigners by the Sicilians themselves.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
Since approx. 1200 and still ongoing today.
Contact still ongoing today in the sense that Sicilians as a group are trading with Maltese, although Sicilian language is not used anymore.
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| Ndebele - Tjwao |
The Ndebele and Tjwao have been trading for a very long period of time i.e., since their first contact. They will trade with game meat, animal skins, wild fruits, etc.
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| Kwoma - Manambu |
Two centuries
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| Korandje - North African Arabic |
800 years or so (ie, ever since Korandje emerged as a separate language); longer if you count contacts between proto-Northern Songhay and Arabic.
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| FLNA-NLNA |
At least 200 years.
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| Bainounk Gubeeher - Mandinka |
Cultural and linguistic contact between Bainounk and Mandinka groups is probbaly as old as the arrival of Mandinka in the Casamance, i.e. at least 5 or 6 centuries. It is a different question how current definitions of ethnicity correspond to historical definitons of ethnicity
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| Zaza - Turkish |
See KN2 [QID: DKN0a]
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| Ipili - Hewa |
Minimally, a couple of centuries. The Hewa figure prominently in many of the myths of the Ipili associated with becoming "cultured." What I mean by this, is that the discovery of agriculture and the invention of society is often posited as a movement away from the Hewa up the Porgera valley where an Ipili ancestress begins to grow food, find a spouse, and raise children. Given that the Hewa feature in the Ipili origin stories, I would assume that there's been really long term contact (millennia?, but at least several centuries).
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| Yuhup - Macuna |
1950-2020
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| Marind - Marori |
500-1000 yrs
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| Chipaya - Central Aymara |
Possibly from 600 AD onward
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| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
Since the end of the 19th century.
In Toluca, there are three different languages that are Mexican, Otomí, and Matlatzinca. Its speakers live by farming and bringing carved wood to Mexico City (García Pimentel 1897: 114 apud Lastra 2010: 150).
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| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
For at least the last few hundred years, more likely a thousand years.
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| Alorese - Adang |
Trade between the Alorese and the Adang started in the 16th century when the Alorese arrived on the coast of Alor Island , so it means they have been trading for about 500 years. Social contact in this domain is still ongoing today.
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| Santali - Bengali |
For the last 60-70 years or even before.
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| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
Approx. 1000 years
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| Muak Sa-aak - Tau Lü |
Probably quite a long time- greater than 100 years.
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| Sibe - Uighur |
1764-present (ca.250 years)
Trade is still ongoing.
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| Toba - Spanish |
Since the late 19th century.
Our sources indicate that there has been trade since the arrival of the Spaniards in the Gran Chaco.
Contact is ongoing today.
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| Western Toba - Wichí |
Since they first met in the region. As we only have information from the 20th Century, we are focusing on this period.
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| Paluai - Tok Pisin |
Since the early 20th century (most likely for longer than that, but using a receptive multilingual mode of communication before the inception of Tok Pisin).
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| Burarra - Yolngu Matha |
At least several hundred years. Again – contact between the groups is spoken about as if it has always been the case. It would appear that it has been happening for hundreds of years before the colonial era in any case and possibly very much longer.
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| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
Presumably since the early Middle Ages (cf. e.g. Zachrisson 2012).
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| Kupwar Marathi - Kupwar Kannada |
For about six centuries.
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| Yurok - Karuk |
Trade between these groups predates historical documentation.
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| Aleut - Eyak |
Trade between the Aleut and the Eyak likely occurred over an extended period, presumably over 1000 years, if the period of direct contact was prior to 1500 BP, and there was enough contact for shared linguistic features, and less direct trade continued after the arrival of the intervening Alutiiq Eskimos...
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