| Nuxalk - North Wakashan |
Tsimshianic and Athabascan groups, Penutian, Chinookan, South Wakashan, Quileute
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| Burmese - Mon |
Shan (probably since 14th century)
Chinese (probably since 8th century)
Pyu (probably since 8th century)
Karen (probably since 13th century)
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| Kambaata - Wolaytta |
In the past and ongoing:
Hadiyya
Alaaba
Amharic L1 and L2-speaking peoples (from all over the country, incl. the big towns)
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| Langi - Alagwa |
Swahili (but perhaps limited linguistic impact - primarily lexical)
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| Papapana - Rotokas |
Before the arrival of Europeans, Papapana speakers mostly only had contact with their neighbouring Rotokas speakers for trade. After this, contact with other language groups increased but for the purposes of trade this was probably still limited to groups who were close by, such as Teop and Torau speakers. In more recent times, when it is easier to travel to the north and south of the island, the Papapana trade with lots of different language groups.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (modern) |
Catholic Religion: the orders who established convents here came over from Sicily and belonged to the Sicilian province in the 13th-17th centuries.
Administration: Malta was governed from Sicily (Normans, Swabians, Anjevins, Aragonese, Castilians up to 1530. This contact enriched Maltese vocabulary with thousands of words, especially in the terminology of administration and handcrafts. Italian replaced Chancery Sicilian at the time of the Knights of Malta.
English creeped in slowly in 1814 and became dominant in the 1930s.
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| Maltese - Sicilian (historical) |
See my comments to DTR01 and DTR06. In addition to Sicilian, Italian and English are the most linguistically influential contacts.
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| Ndebele - Tjwao |
Kalanga
Shona
Tonga
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| Kwoma - Manambu |
1) The Kaunga (Ndu famly). From the beginning of the 19th century, when the two groups first encountered each other, Kwoma have traded with Kaunga speakers to the east. The Kaunga traded forest products such as the meat of game animals and black clay (used by Kwoma and Kaunga in painting) for stone from the Washkuk Hills. The latter is rare in the lowland swampy country the Kaunga occupy. Trade was between individual men, not between groups as in the case of women’s trade with the Manambu. Throughout the last two centuries up to the present, the relationship between Kwoma and Kaunga has been consistently more intense at all social levels than with the Manambu – ritually, militarily and in terms of inter-marriage.
2) Since the 1920s, following the establishment of a government patrol post at Ambunti, the southernmost Kwoma villages have also traded with the Iatmul-speaking Brugnowi village people, but contact with them has been slight compared to that with the Kaunga and the Manambu.
3) It is possible that the Kwoma also had trade relations of some kind with the Mayo-speaking neighbours to the west, but this researcher has no detailed information on that subject.
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| Korandje - North African Arabic |
Amazigh (Ayt Khebbach) - Loanwords
Zenaga speakers - Loanwords
Zenati speakers - Loanwords
French speakers, during the colonial period - Loanwords
Koyra Chiini (Songhay) speakers, in trade with Timbuktu - no known loanwords, but potentially difficult to distinguish from inherited forms
There is no guarantee that any of the loanwords in question is the result of trade specifically, though for Berber they include words like "money" and "sell".
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| FLNA-NLNA |
Language H
Language J
Language R
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| Bainounk Gubeeher - Mandinka |
Wolof speakers = loans words of Wolof into Baïnounk Gubëeher
Joola Kujireray/ Joola Banjal = large scale lexical and grammatical interference on all levels that impacted Baïnounk Gubëeher and the involved Joola language
French = loan words, possibly pragmatic structures through borrowing of conjunctions
Casamance Creole = Loan words of Baïnounk Gubëeher into Creole and vice versa, possibly pragmatic and grammatic structures from Baïnounk Gubëeher into Creole
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| Zaza - Turkish |
Kurmanji, Before 1915 possibly still Armenian
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| Ipili - Hewa |
Huli, many loan words from Huli in Ipili, plus many Ipili fairly fluent in Huli
Enga, same as above
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| Yuhup - Macuna |
Tanimuca and Yucuna.
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| Marind - Marori |
Probably limited trade with other neighbouring groups such as Kanum and Yelmek/Maklew. Trade would not have been a major reason for contact between any of these groups however (including the Marori)
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| Chipaya - Central Aymara |
This question can only be answered tentatively, for theoretical and practical reasons. For one, the entire notion of "trade" for the prehistoric Andes is not uncontroversial, with some scholars arguing for instance that markets were absent before European colonization.
For Chipaya, we consider possible that commercial interactions may have happened with people from two different regions, even though what we can see is only the faintest evidence that is *suggestive* of such contacts, but does not prove it.
First, speakers of highland languages: Puquina, and later also Quechua. Puquina was an autochthonous language of the altiplano, and many linguists like to associate it with the powerful Tiwanaku territory that underheld extensive trading networks (caravan-based) in all directions from their capital on the shores of Lake Titicaca. This would have happened in a timeframe of approx. 600-1000 AD, and possibly continued after the DEMEise of Tiwanaku. Later, as Quechua became established in the altiplano, possibly due to Inca expansion, interaction with speakers of Quechua is also a real possibility.
However, there is also some suggestive evidence for linguistic contact with languages of the Yungas that may have had a "commercial" background, such as Leco and Mosetén, which share with Chipaya the word for a culturally very important crop and stable: maize.
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| Temoaya Otomi - Mexican Spanish |
Focus Group = Toluca (Temoaya) Otomi language; Neighbour Group = Mexican Spanish; Other Group = Nahuatl; Linguistic Consequence = Loan words of Nahuatl into Toluca (Temoaya) Otomi.
Contact between the Otomi and Nahuatl began in the 10th century. At the beginning of contact, Nahuatl must have been influenced by the Otomi since it was the dominant culture. However, as the Otomi were subdued by the Aztecs, the roles were reversed and from the 13th century, Nahuatl became the dominant language until the Spanish arrived in the 15th century (Hekking y Bakker 2010: 31).
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| Mawng - Kunbarlang |
Indigenous Australian groups who were speakers of varieties of Bininj Kunwok, other Iwaidjan family languages and Maningridan family languages. Macassan sailors who came to the north coast of Australia to collect sea cucumbers, trepang.
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| Alorese - Adang |
Blagar speakers, Reta speakers, Kui speakers, there are Blagar loan words in Alorese, and to a lesser extent some Reta and Kui loan words. Makassarese and Chinese traders who spoke Malay, there are some Makassarese and Malay old loan words in Alorese. It happened approximately starting from the 16th century til today.
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| Santali - Bengali |
Hindi speaking community
Rajasthani speaking community
Trade with the Hindi speaking and the Rajasthani speaking community started with the expansion of the trading of the Marwari community in the eastern parts of India, especially in Bengal, Odisha and Bihar.
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| Bade - Manga Kanuri |
[See comment]
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| Muak Sa-aak - Tau Lü |
Shan (probably since 14th century)
Chinese (probably since 8th century)
Pyu (probably since 8th century)
Karen (probably since 13th century)
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| Sibe - Uighur |
Kazakh (1764-present)
Chinese (increased after 1850s)
Russian (ca. 1850s - present)
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| Toba - Spanish |
Guaraní.
Linguistic consequence: Loan words and few fixed expressions of Guaraní into Toba.
In the case of handcrafts, vocabulary related to plants or materials used comes from Guarani or Quechua and is also present in Spanish (e.g.: cháguar (Bromelia hieronymi and B. urbaniana) from Quechua or caraguatá (Bromelia pinguin) from Guaraní).
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| Western Toba - Wichí |
Other groups=Tapiete, Pilagá, Nivaclé, and Chorote.
Linguistic consequence=pattern borrowing.
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| Paluai - Tok Pisin |
[See comment]
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| Burarra - Yolngu Matha |
[See comment]
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| South Saami - NorwegianSwedish |
B
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| Yurok - Karuk |
Yurok speakers traded with many other ethnolinguistic groups, including Hupa, Wiyot, Tolowa, Shasta, and other communities in Oregon. However there is little evidence that these trade relationships had significant linguistic consequences.
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| Aleut - Eyak |
Dena'ina (most intense contact prior to 1500 BP, contact of some sort continuing after that time): loanwords, possible syntactic effects
Chugach (currently Alutiiq speakers, not clear if the group referred to as this was always Alutiiq)
Alutiiq (mostly after 800 BP)
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